References

  1. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press, Washington. Prepublication Copy 2001. www.nap.edu
  2. Innis S, et al. Incidence of iron-deficiency anaemia and depleted iron stores among nine-month-old infants in Vancouver, Canada. Can J Pub Health 1997; 88(2):80-84.
  3. Zlotkin SH, et al. The prevalence of iron depletion and iron-deficiecy anaemia in a randomly selected group of infants from four Canadian cities. Nutr Res 1996; 16(5):729-733.
  4. Greene-Finestone L et al. Prevalence and risk factors of iron depletion and iron deficiency anemia among infants in Ottawa-Carleton. J Can Diet Assoc 1991; 52(1):20-23.
  5. Chan-Yip A, Gray-Donald K. Prevalence of iron deficiency among Chinese children aged 6 to 36 months in Montreal. CMAJ 1987; 136:373-378.
  6. Willows N, Morel J, Gray-Donald K. Prevalence of anemia among James Bay Cree infants of northern Québec. CMAJ 2000; 162(3):323-6.
  7. Willows N, Dewailly E, Gray-Donald K. Anemia and iron status in Inuit infants from northern Québec. Can J Pub Health 2000; 91(6):407-10.
  8. Lehmann F, et al. Iron deficiency anemia in 1-year-old children of disadvantaged families in Montreal. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146(9):1571-1577.
  9. Gibson RS, MacDonald AC, Smit-Vanderkooy PD. Serum ferritin and dietary iron parameters in a sample of Canadian preschool children. J Can Diet Assoc 1988; 49(1):23-28.
  10. Brault-Dubuc M, Nadeau M, Dickie J. Iron status of French Canadian children: A three- year follow-up study. Human Nutr: Appl Nutr 1983; 37A:210-221.
  11. Friel JK, et al. Eighteen-month follow-up of infants fed evaporated milk formula. Can J Pub Health 1999; 90(4):240-3.
  12. Deegan H. Assessment of iron status in adolescents. Masters of Science Thesis, University of Alberta, 2000.
  13. Gibson RS, et al. Are young women with low iron stores at risk of zinc as well as iron deficiency? Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10, edited by Roussel et al., Klower Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 2000.
  14. Jacobs Starkey L, Johnson-Down L, Gray-Donald K. Food habits of Canadians: Comparison of intakes in adults and adolescents to Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating. Can J Diet Practice Res 2001; 62(2):61-67.
  15. Shils ME, Young VR. Modern Nutrition In Health and Disease, 7 edition. Lea & Febiger, Phildelphia 1988.
  16. Guthrie HA, Picciano MF. Human Nutrition. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1995.
  17. Scrimshaw NS, San Giovanni JP. Synergism of nutrition, and immunity: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66(2):464S-477S.
  18. Prasad AN, Prasad C. Iron Deficiency: Non-hematological Manifestations. Progress in Food Nutr Sci 1991; 15:225-283.
  19. Health and Welfare Canada. Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. Minister of Supply and Services 1990.
  20. Zijp IM, Korver O, Tijburg LBM. Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Clin Rev Food Sci Nutr 2000; 40(5):371-398.
  21. Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Br J Nutr 1999; 81:289-95.
  22. Reddy et al. Estimation of non-heme iron bioavailability from meal composition. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:937-43.
  23. Hallberg L, Hulthén L. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1147-60.
  24. Tessier D, et al. Influence of beef consumption on estimated absorbable iron intake of a representative sample of the adult population of Québec. Accepted for publication in Can J Diet Practice Res 2002.
  25. Dallman PR. Changing iron needs from birth through adolescence. Nutritional Anemias, ed SJ Fomon and S Zlotkin, Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series, Nestec Ltd., Vevey/Raven Press, Ltd. New York 1992; 30:29-38.
  26. Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada and Health Canada. Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants, Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, 1998. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/childhood-youth/cyfh/homepage/infant_nutrition_resources.html
  27. Sandstead HH. Causes of iron and zinc deficiencies and their effects on brain. J Nutr 2000; 130:347S-349S.
  28. Kretchmer N, Beard JL, Carlson S. The role of nutrition in the development of normal cognition. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63(6):997S-1001S.
  29. Lozoff B. Iron deficiency and infant development. J Pediatr 1994; 125(4):577-8.
  30. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 2001; 131:649S-668S.
  31. Siega-Riz AM, Carson T, Popkin B. Three squares or mostly snacks - What do teens really eat? J Adoles Health 1998; 22:29-36.
  32. Seoane NA, et al. Selected indices of iron status in adolescents. J Can Diet Assoc 1985; 46(4):298-303.
  33. Sanders TA. Vegetarian diets and children. Pediatr Clin N Amer 1995; 42(4):955-65.
  34. Bruner AB, et al. Randomized study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non- anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet 1996; 348(9033):992-6.
  35. Halterman JS, et al. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatr 2001; 107(6):1381-6.
  36. Gray-Donald K, Jacobs Starkey L, Johson-Down L. Food habits of Canadians: Reduction in fat intake over a generation. Can J Pub Health 2000; 91(5):381-5.
  37. University of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Nutrition Survey. Report of a survey in the province of Saskatchewan, 1993-94. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 2001.
  38. Ontario Ministry of Health. 1990 Ontario Health Survey Nutrition Repor t. Premieres Council on Health, Well-being and Social Justice, 1995.
  39. Looker AC, et al. Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. JAMA 1997; 277(12):973-6.
  40. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. The Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventive Health Care. Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1994. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/healthcare/pubs/clinical_preventive/index.html
  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR 1998;47(RR-3):1-29. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ind98_rr.html
  42. Health Canada. Nutrition for a health pregnancy: National guidelines for the childbearing years. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada; 1999. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/nutrition/pube/pregnancy/e_index.html
  43. Swensen AR, Harnack LJ, Ross JA. Nutritional assessment of pregnant women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101:903-8.
  44. Godel JC, et al. Iron status and pregnancy in a northern Canadian population: Relationship to diet and iron supplementation. Can J Pub Health 1992; 83(5):339-43.
  45. Barr SI, Broughton TM. Relative weight, weight loss efforts and nutrient intakes among health-conscious vegetarian, past vegetarian and nonvegetarian women ages 18-50. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19(6):781-8.
  46. Bindra GS, Gibson RS. Iron status of predominantly lacto-ovo vegetarian East Indian immigrants to Canada: a model approach. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44:643-52.
  47. Kroeker S, Minuk GY. Intentional iron overdose: an institutional review. Can Med Assoc J 1994; 150(1):45-8.
  48. Kato I, et al. Risk of iron overload among middle-aged women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2000; 70(3):119-25.
  49. Schümann K. Safety aspects of iron in food. Ann Nutr Metab 2001; 45:91-101.
  50. www.cdnhemochromatosis.ca
  51. Nelson RL. Iron and colorectal cancer risk: Human studies. Nutr Rev 2001; 59(5): 140-148.
  52. Tseng M, et al. Serum ferritin concentration and recurrence of colorectal adenoma. Cancer Epid Biomark Prev 2000; 9:625-30.
  53. Sempos CT. Iron and colorectal cancer. Nutr Rev 2001; 59(10):344-5.
  54. Salomen JT, et al. High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1992; 86:803-11.
  55. Salomen JT, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R. Body iron stores and risk of coronary heart disease. New Eng J Med 1994; 331:1159.
  56. Iribarren C et al. Lack of association between ferritin level and measures of LDL oxidation: The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis 1998; 139:189-95.
  57. Baer DM, Tekawa IS, Hurley LB. Iron stores are not associated with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994; 89(6):2915-18.